Sodium Benzoate is a white crystalline or granular powder with formula C₇H₅NaO₂. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is odorless or nearly so, with a sweetish, slightly astringent taste. It is highly soluble in water (approx. 60+ g per 100 mL at 0–30 °C) and stable under typical storage.
As a preservative, sodium benzoate works by converting under acidic conditions to benzoic acid, which penetrates microbial cell walls and inhibits metabolic enzymes (e.g. phosphofructokinase), stopping microbial growth. It is most effective in acidic formulations (pH < 4.5).